greyofk

You would notice any difference in accuracy only if only M-44 has a scope. After you take bayonet off it will shoot left. Which you will notice without any scope. Good neoprene buttpad absorbs recoil much better than any muzzle brake

PX4 has rotating barrel. Other guns with same schematic are Beretta 8000, 8045, 9000, Slovak K-1 The cartridge goes from the magazine to the chamber. The chamber is not tilted (like in Colt-Browning design). As a result such gun is more sensitive to the cartridge geometry. Especially to the shape of a bullet. The btight side of this design: you can use totally insane loads. The lock of rotating barrel is symmetrical. High pressure can not disconnect the slide from barrel prematurely I had good results with Rainier "truncated dome". 40S&W. You can try similar reloads in 9mm Luger

I can not justify killing of any live creature...but...Roaster beaver is delicious. At the weather like today the meat is good for 8 - 12 hours

Originally it was a thumbhole stock on WASR carbine imported in late 90th or early 00th. It should be laminated with spring loaded steel batpad. It was trimmed to accommodate standard pistol grip. Romanian laminate does not look great, but is very strong. It is safe to use

The area between Riverside drive, Holston Hills and Brooks avenue has several brick houses for sale with decent land lots and long driveways. Some are surrounded by century old woods

I drive Toyota pickup 1994. Have 215 000 miles on it. No complains so far

I moved to Tennessee a year ago. It took 8 months to buy a house. I had extremely bad experience with Knoxville relators except this one: Elizabeth Madrid Office: (865)693-3232 Cell: (865) 809-6475 Fax: (865)244-3676 Highly recommend to get her help

I hope somebody owns AR-24 out here. I know that AR-24 it Turkish copy of CZ 75 I'd like to know: How good is the barrel: is it forged or cut? How good is the finish: is it ceramic or epoxy paint? What kind of sights has the gun? How visible are they in low light? How it digests reloads? Does it take standard CZ 75 / 85 mags?

The momentum of recoil is almost the same for all 9mm firearms (Newton law) Almost every person can handle 9mm recoil. It is insufficient confidence that prevents from accurate aiming. The best way to develop the confidence is target practice with weak rounds. Make couple hundreds reloads with 95gr bullets. Use the load data below .380 (from Hornady book). Such round will not recycle 9mm action (unless you put a weak return spring). It is perfectly fine for practice. When the gun feels completely familiar it's time to increase the load.

A bike incident left me with broken right shoulder and displaced bones. At first I could handle no more than .22 double action revolver (in my left hand). I worked with weights, rubber strips and wrist grip with my left hand. Now I can handle Makarov pistol and even operate its slide stop. The main challenge is rapid fire when the recoil kicks the pistol over your shuolder, I will try .40 S&W in couple weeks. It's all matter of your determination

It will be a gun show at Morristown this weekend Welcome to RK Gun Shows Who ever been there and what was your experience?

The place of final assembly apparently makes difference in accuracy. I shot rifle made in Cugir (Romania) with PSO 8x42 scope. I had 10 cm groups at 200 yards. I shot Century rifle assembled from Romanian parts with 3-12X40 scope. I had 30 cm groups. Both times it was Czech ammo and bench rest

Reloading is a great way to research reliability of your gun. Midway usually sells bullets by 250. I use small rifle primers to check robustness of the firing pin. I load rounds with 5% increment from 75% to 150% value recommended in Hornady book I set the bullets from - 1.2 mm to + 0.8 mm (from the same book length) with .2mm increment. Than I go to the range and try all of them. It is a great fun. I can see how the point of impact depends of the load. Aside from the fun I either build confidence in my gun or sentence it for a trade at the next gun show. P.S. Your picture looks like Berry's bullet. You can get them on sale now from Cabelas

It is a cross-breed of 24-7 and old metal PT 945 Taurus PT-845 Black

Beretta Px4. It is lighter than similar size competitors. Its magazine is compatible with Cx4 carbine. It has rotating barrel. Such schematic while sensitive to the cartridge geometry is forgiving for the cartridge load. In my test Px4 reliably digested weak reloads, that consistently caused stove pipe failures in FN-45.

Hello, Please share your experience with SightMark reflex scope. Visibility, sharpness, reliability, battery life. My specific question: Who ever exposed SightMark to a rain?

Citadel is a trade mark not manufacturer, 1911 Citadel done by Armcor in Philippines [h=2][/h]

My most accurate handgun is Dan Wesson revolver. The best trigger and least felt recoil. Might be the best handgun to learn marksmanship.

Introduction of cartridge A battlefield is not a place where one can comfortably measure a gunpowder or operate with loose wads and bullets. The idea to prepare everything needed for a shot in advance is much older than primers and breech loaders. The first cartridges were nothing more than measured amount of a gunpowder and a bullet wrapped in a paper that later would serve as a wad. A shooter had to tear the paper, release the powder into the muzzle, send the paper and the bullet next, ram everything with a rod and also put priming powder into the ignition cavity. Locking breech made it more convenient. One hunting gun that belonged to king Philip of Spain was manufactured circa 1715. It was a breech loading weapon that accepted metal reloadable cartridges. It still used a flint ignition Invention of a primer gave a new possibilities to design of a cartridge. Striker ignition made possible self-containing cartridge where primer, bullet and a powder were hold together by some kind of a shell. The main challenge was to design reliable “kind of a shellâ€. Gunsmiths tried every imaginable configuration of a shell early in XIX century. You can see a lot of oddly designed guns in European museums. For some reason majority of engineers tried to put a primer inside the gun's chamber and strike it with a needle. There were attempts to integrate the primer with the bullet. And there were percussion cups big enough to hold enough gunpowder for a shot. Some cartridges somehow worked, but none worked reliably. It looks like inventors solved the problem of sure ignition but overlooked the task of cleaning the chamber after the shot. The blast drives the bullet from the gun, but not necessarily remnants of a cartridge and primer. A piece of paper left in a barrel could not do much harm. A primer left on the way of a next bullet could destroy entire gun. The second common design error was usage of paper cartridge. Paper could not support a primer for reliable ignition. Paper cartridge could not keep integrity after the shot. The obvious solution was a metal shell with axial symmetry and ignition layout with a striker behind the chamber. Apparently it was not so obvious in the age of guns with side mounted hummers and ignition holes across the barrels. French gunsmiths Francois Prelat and Jean Samuel Pauli created first real self-content cartridge in Paris in 1808. The cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated mercury fulminate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a paper casing and a round bullet. The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly. Pauly made an improved version which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812. The cartridge was further improved by the French gunsmith Casimir Lefaucheux in 1836. Prussian baron Johann von Dreyse combied the charge of gunpowder and the detonator in a single cartridge in 1827. In 1836 von Dreyse invented the breech-loading firearm for his new cartridge. It was adopted by the Prussian army in 1841. Dreyse needle gun, was a single-shot breech-loader rifle using a rotating bolt to seal the breech. It was so called because of its .5-inch needle-like firing pin which passed through a paper cartridge case to impact a percussion cap at the bullet base. The paper cartridge and the gun had numerous deficiencies; specifically, serious problems with gas leaking. However, the rifle was used to great success in the Prussian army, eventually caused much interest in Europe for breech loaders and the Prussian military system in general. Breech-loading cartridge fed guns greatly increased the rate of fire. Cartridge was to have a major impact on warfare, as breech-loading rifles can be fired at a rate many times higher than muzzle loaded rifles and significantly can be loaded from a prone rather than standing position. Firing prone (i.e., lying down) is more accurate than firing from a standing position, while a prone rifleman presents a much smaller target than a standing soldier. The higher accuracy and range, combined with reduced vulnerability generally benefited the defense while making the traditional battle between lines of standing and volleying infantry men obsolete. The tactic of a mass cavalry charge was also outdated. Hence, technological changes and out-dated tactics led to a very high casualty rate in the war with attacking armies being decimated by defending forces. The advantages of breech loading cartridge fed rifles were obvious for everybody but old-fashioned generals. It took one bloody war to introduce new tactics and obsolete old weapons. It was the war between the country capable to build modern firearms and another stuck with archaic technology. It happened in 1853. Tula armory in Russia started manufacturing of cartridge fed rifles in early 40-th of XIX century. These were custom rifles used by aristocracy for hunting. Russian army still used muzzle-loading rifled muskets. Russian generals did not express any interest for modern firearms. These first cartridges had high production price. Even in XX century field grade single shot rifle cost rawly 300 rounds for the same rifle. I did not find corresponding data for 1840. but the ratio was even worse. 100 cartridges could easy buy another gun. Soldiers were cheap (in general's mind). Rifle and cartridges were expensive. Remember that only things of mass production at that time were nails and matches. A cartridge was an object of superior complexity. It took innovative thinking to put such product into mass production. Such innovated thinking was employed by Turkish sultan Abdülmecid I. Ottoman Empire did not have technology and production potential to build any modern firearms. However Turks made a treaty with Britain France and Prussia. Prussia supplied Turks with Dreyse rifles. France provided instructors and dispatched some elite troops. British Royal navy picked up elite Turkish troops and transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Crimean Peninsula. Crimea was the jewel of Russian empire and arguably the most beautiful land around Black sea. Russia had navy base in Sevastopol and significant troops to protect Crimean Peninsula. Ottomans were outnumbered. It did not help Russians. A train soldier armed with cartridge fed gun is equivalent to 4 to 8 soldiers armed with muzzle-loaders. Ottomans landed expeditionary forces at Eupatoria, north of Sevastopol and Balaclava east of the city. They drove Russian army to retreat. Every attempt of counter-attack was suppressed by the rifle's fire. Russian muskets were no match for Dreyse rifles. Whatever remained of Russian infantry retreated to Sevastopol. Turks laid the siege on the city. On November 5, 1854, the Russians attempted to raise the siege at Sevastopol with an attack against Ottomans. They were severely bitten by outnumbered Turks. Sevastopol fall. Small expeditionary forces marched across Russian land threatening the great empire. At that point of the war Russian generals recognised technological inferiority of their weapons and tactics. The corrections were made. Russian soldiers did not attempt to reload their muskets. After a single shot by each trooper they charged with bayonets. Russian infantry was decimated but it stopped Turkish advance. Then Russian tsar Nicholas I summoned Cossack cavalry. Cossacks did not have any better weapon then infantry man. They charged Turks with swards in swift cavalry attacks. Cossacks suffered significant casualties, but they had driven Ottomans back to the Black sea. Crimean campaign saw the introduction of the cartridge fed rifle. Approximately 100,000 were killed in action or dead from their battle wounds. The Crimean War witnessed the infantry soldier become more important that the dashing cavalryman due to improvements in the range and firing speed of both artillery and small arms fire. The war is remembered best for the decimation of cavalry attacks such as the infamous 'Charge of the Light Brigade'. The improvements in cartridge rifles had spelled the end of muzzle-loaders. In 1842, The Norwegian Armed Forces adopted the breechloading caplock, the Kammerlader, one of the first instances in which a modern army widely adopted a breechloading rifle as its main infantry firearm. The British army began using breech loading guns in 1865. During the American Civil War many breech loaders would be fielded. The Sharps rifle used a successful dropping block design. The Greene Rifle used rotating bolt-action, and was fed from the breech. The French adopted the new Chassepot rifle in 1866, which was much improved over the Needle gun as it had dramatically fewer gas leaks due to its de Bange sealing system. The British adopted existing Enfield and fitted it with a Snider breech-action (solid block, hinged parallel to the barrel) firing the Boxer cartridge. Single-shot breech-loaders would be used throughout the latter half of 19th century. To be continued

Glockster is right The momentum of the recoil is equal to the momentum of the bullet M * V = - m * v It means M * Er = m * Eb Which means the ratio of the recoil energy to the bullet energy Er / Eb = m / M equal to the ratio of the mass of the bullet to the mass of the gun. For given muzzle energy the recoil is reversely proportional the the mass of the bullet It is not intuitive. So rent and try FN 57. You can barely feel the recoil

Custom and Immigration officers carry Berettas 96

Rocket propelled grenade Certain inventions come ahead of their time and can not display their full potential until required technology got developed. Sometimes when the technology finally arrives, original idea become unpopular. With no dedicated supporters even a great idea can be compromised, misused, or even forgotten. This was the case with rocket propelled grenade. At the end of XVIII century British East India Company was repeatedly assaulted by Islamic extremists in Mysore (what lately became Pakistan). The king George dispatched elite troops to suppress the riot. However British confronted unexpectedly well armed enemy. The ruler of the land Tipu Sultan, had rocket artillery brigades known as Cushoon. Rockets could be of various sizes, but usually consisted of a tube of soft hammered iron about 200 mm long and 38 to 76 mm diameter, closed at one end and strapped to a shaft of bamboo about 1meter long. The iron tube acted as a combustion chamber and contained well packed black powder propellant. A rocket carrying about one pound of powder could travel almost 900 m. The rocket men were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance of the target. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. At some point the Rocket Corps ultimately reached a strength of about 5000 fighters in Tipu Sultan 's army. Mysore's rockets did not posses the accuracy and firepower of British artillery. They had another advantage: The ratio of the missile to launcher mass for artillery gun is around 0.01. The respective ratio for the rocket weapon can be as high as 10. Which means the rocket is highly portable. It is the weapon of the infantry, (I do not want to say the weapon of single fanatic fighters). How British got out of trouble in Mysore? On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment, then 'threw a great number of rockets at the same instant' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 infantry directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Mirans. The rockets had a range of about 900 m. Some burst in the air like shells. Others called ground rockets, on striking the ground, would rise again and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. Only famous English discipline hold the British army together. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued: "The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet, which are invariably attached to them'." Despite of the rocket hale British advanced. They had suffered more from the rockets than from the shells or any other weapon used by the enemy. During the conclusive attack on Seringapatam on 2 May 1799, a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within the Tipu Sultan's fort causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke, with cascades of exploding white light, rising up from the battlements. On the afternoon of 4 May Tipu had been shot and the war was effectively over. After the fall of Seringapatam, 600 launchers, 700 serviceable rockets and 9,000 empty rockets were found. Some of the rockets had pierced cylinders, to allow them to act like incendiaries, while some had iron points or steel blades bound to the bamboo. By attaching these blades to rockets they became very unstable towards the end of their flight causing the blades to spin around like flying scythes, cutting down all in their path. The Indian rocket experiences eventually led to the Royal Arsenal beginning a military rocket R&D program in 1801. Multiple rocket cases were collected from Mysore and sent to Britain for analysis. The research was chiefly the work of Col. William Congreve, who was later knighted for development of rocket artillery. After development work was complete, the rockets were manufactured in quantity near Waltham, Essex. Sir Congreve prepared a new propellant mixture, and developed a rocket motor with a strong iron tube with conical nose, weighing about 32 pounds (15 kg). Congreve published three books on rocketry: unthinkable disclosure of advanced military technology. The Royal Arsenal's first demonstration of solid fuel rockets was in 1805. The rockets came just it time for Napoleonic wars. These rockets were used at Copenhagen in 1807 and they set most of the town on fire. However rockets lacked both range and accuracy and after the Napoleonic Wars they fell from favor. It is true, that Congreve's rockets did not employ rotation around longitudinal axes for stabilisation. It is also true, that back in 1812 no reasonable explosive was available to constitute a warhead. However the main reason of the rocket failure was archaic tactic doctrine of English generals. They still thought about a battle as a line of infantry approaching an enemy line after massaging the enemy with long range high accuracy artillery. Another tactic already emerged in Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay, Japan: Strong unexpected impact on the weakest point of the enemy, immediate retreat and waiting for the next weak point to be exposed and then again and again. 15 kg rockets were ideal for such tactic, but Japan, Bolivia and Paraguay did not have the necessary technology. Mexico for some reason just ignored British experience and missed its chance. Rocket propelled grenade was excluded from the military mainstream until development of highly efficient Pnzerfaust in 1940th. To be continued

Any word about the slide finish and the level of corrosion protection?

Breech loading We all tried black powder muzzle loaders. How much staff have you had on a table to load such a gun? Propellant, bullets, ram, wad, brush. After every shot you have to retract a gun and turn it vertically for loading. Rifling does not help to load close tolerance bullets neither it helps to clean the barrel. Now imagine you have to do so without the table and under the fire. Somehow soldiers managed it until the middle of XIX century. Was there easy way? Yes it was. Loading from the breech. It is much quicker to load the projectile and charge into the breech than to force them down a barrel, especially when one has spiral ridges from rifling. Breech loading allows the shooter to reload the weapon without exposing himself to enemy fire by repositioning the gun (as was required for muzzle-loaders). Open breech allows easy cleaning and inspection of the gun. Breech-loading firearms are known from the 16th century. The king Henry VIII of France possessed one, which he apparently used as a hunting gun to shoot birds. More breech-loading firearms were made in the early 18th century. One such weapon is known to have belonged to king Philip of Spain and was manufactured circa 1715. Those were royal guns. They had royal price due to exceptionally close tolerances of locking parts. The gunpowder gas escaping from the muzzle does no harm. The gas escaping from the rear of a gun is quite dangerous. To understand the power of the hot gas supersonic stream I suggest you a simple test. Take a pumpkin (hope you still have one after Halloween), take a blank cartridge, do not use any blank fire adapter. Shoot the pumpkin from 2â€. Post your admiration of the level of destruction in separate thread please. The distance from the gun's breech to the shooter's face is about 2â€. The tolerances of the breech lock is not just design intent but rather the safety requirement. Fortunately XVIII century was the century of mechanical engineering. Newly developed precision bearings made possible to build large precision lathe. Precision lathe made possible to produce mechanical parts of unprecedented accuracy in large quantities. Patrick Ferguson, a British Army officer developed his breech loading rifle in 1772. It was the first military firearm loaded from the rear. Some of Ferguson rifles even sow American Revolutionary war. Fortunately they were made in hundreds, not thousands. Americans were not outgunned. Aside from increased loading speed, new weapons could use better bullets. The outer diameter of the bullet could be equal to the diameter of the grooves. There is no need to run such a bullet down the barrel and the bullet can be elongated for less air drag. Expanding gunrowder gas moves the bullet from the chamber to the rifled portion of the barrel. The bullet completely seals the barrel. The energy of the expanding gas used more efficiently than in a muzzle loader. Transition to the breechloader brought the effective range of the firearms to 400m. Related innovations in tactics included tranches and designated marksmans for hunting the enemy's officers. The main shortcoming of the rifles in late XVIII was the time necessary for reloading the weapon. To be continued

I'll be at the next gun show in Knoxville looking for full size CZ or Tanfoglio or IMI Jericho. They are quite similar. As for my old dream to have something in 9x21, I guess, I'll have to build one myself